References
Ashwagandha
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Tongkat Ali
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Coleus Forskohlii
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Anacyclus Pyrethrum
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L-Theanine
- Hidese, S., Ogawa, S., Ota, M., Ishida, I., Yasukawa, Z., Ozeki, M., & Kunugi, H. (2019). Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11(10), 2362. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102362
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Magnesium
- Arab, A., Rafie, N., Amani, R., & Shirani, F. (2022). The Role of Magnesium in Sleep Health: a Systematic Review of Available Literature. Biological Trace Element Research, 201(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03162-1
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- The effects of magnesium supplementation on thyroid hormones of sedentars and Tae-Kwon-Do sportsperson at resting and exhaustion. (2007, October 1). PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17984925/
- Brilla, L. R., & Haley, T. F. (1992). Effect of magnesium supplementation on strength training in humans. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 11(3), 326–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1992.10718233
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- Guerrero-Romero, F., Tamez-Perez, H., González-González, G., Salinas-Martínez, A. M., Montes-Villarreal, J., Treviño-Ortiz, J. H., & Rodríguez-Morán, M. (2004). Oral Magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic subjects with insulin resistance. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Diabetes & Metabolism, 30(3), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70116-7
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Zinc
- Prasad, A. S., Mantzoros, C. S., Beck, F. W., Hess, J. W., & Brewer, G. J. (1996). Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. Nutrition, 12(5), 344–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(96)80058-x
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- Om, A., & Chung, K. (1996). Dietary Zinc Deficiency Alters 5α-Reduction and Aromatization of Testosterone and Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in Rat Liver. Journal of Nutrition, 126(4), 842–848. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.4.842
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- Solati, Z., Jazayeri, S., Tehrani-Doost, M., Mahmoodianfard, S., & Gohari, M. R. (2015). Zinc monotherapy increases serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and decreases depressive symptoms in overweight or obese subjects: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutritional Neuroscience, 18(4), 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830513y.0000000105
- Yang, Y., Jing, X., Zhang, S., Gu, R., Tang, F., Wang, X., Xiong, Y. Q., Qiu, M., Sun, X., Ke, D., Wang, J., & Liu, R. (2013). High Dose Zinc Supplementation Induces Hippocampal Zinc Deficiency and Memory Impairment with Inhibition of BDNF Signaling. PLOS ONE, 8(1), e55384. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055384
- Hemilä, H. (2011). Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd001364.pub3
- Singh, M., & Das, R. R. (2015). Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd001364.pub4
Vitamin D3
- Pilz, S., Frisch, S., Koertke, H., Kuhn, J., Dreier, J., Obermayer-Pietsch, B., Wehr, E., & Zittermann, A. (2011). Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Testosterone Levels in Men. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 43(03), 223–225. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1269854
- Jensen, M. B., Bjerrum, P. J., Jessen, T. E., Nielsen, J., Joensen, U. N., Olesen, I. A., Petersen, J. H., Juul, A., Dissing, S., & Jørgensen, N. (2011). Vitamin D is positively associated with sperm motility and increases intracellular calcium in human spermatozoa. Human Reproduction, 26(6), 1307–1317. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der059
- Hammoud, A. O., Meikle, A. W., Peterson, C. M., Stanford, J. B., Gibson, M. A., & Carrell, D. T. (2012). Association of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels with semen and hormonal parameters. Asian Journal of Andrology, 14(6), 855–859. https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2012.77
- Gominak, S. C., & Stumpf, W. E. (2012). The world epidemic of sleep disorders is linked to vitamin D deficiency. Medical Hypotheses, 79(2), 132–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.031
- Bozkurt, N. C., Cakal, E., Sahin, M. Ö., Ozkaya, E. C., Firat, H., & Delibasi, T. (2012). The relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels with severity of obstructive sleep apnea and glucose metabolism abnormalities. Endocrine, 41(3), 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-012-9595-1
- Maroon, J. C., Mathyssek, C., Bost, J., Amos, A., Winkelman, R. D., Yates, A. P., Duca, M. A., & Norwig, J. (2015). Vitamin D Profile in National Football League Players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(5), 1241–1245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514567297
- Owens, D. J., Sharples, A. P., Polydorou, I., Alwan, N., Donovan, T. F., Tang, J., Fraser, W. D., Cooper, R. G., Morton, J. P., Stewart, C. E., & Close, G. L. (2015). A systems-based investigation into vitamin D and skeletal muscle repair, regeneration, and hypertrophy. American Journal of Physiology-endocrinology and Metabolism, 309(12), E1019–E1031. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00375.2015
- Cannell, J. J., Hollis, B. W., Sorenson, M. L., Taft, T. N., & Anderson, J. R. (2009). Athletic Performance and Vitamin D. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(5), 1102–1110. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181930c2b
- Carrillo, A. E., Flynn, M. J., Pinkston, C., Markofski, M. M., Jiang, Y., Donkin, S. S., & Teegarden, D. (2013). Impact of vitamin D supplementation during a resistance training intervention on body composition, muscle function, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese adults. Clinical Nutrition, 32(3), 375–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.08.014
- Halliday, T. M., Peterson, N. J., Thomas, J. J., Kleppinger, K., Hollis, B. W., & Larson-Meyer, D. E. (2011). Vitamin D Status Relative to Diet, Lifestyle, Injury, and Illness in College Athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(2), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181eb9d4d
- Ruohola, J., Laaksi, I., Ylikomi, T., Haataja, R., Mattila, V. M., Sahi, T., Tuohimaa, P., & Pihlajamäki, H. (2006). Association Between Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations and Bone Stress Fractures in Finnish Young Men. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 21(9), 1483–1488. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.060607
- Grant, W. B., Garland, C. F., & Gorham, E. D. (2007). An Estimate of Cancer Mortality Rate Reductions in Europe and the US with 1,000 IU of Oral Vitamin D Per Day. In Springer eBooks(pp. 225–234). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37696-5_20
- Garland, C. F., Garland, F. C., Gorham, E. D., Lipkin, M., Newmark, H. L., Mohr, S. B., & Holick, M. F. (2006). The Role of Vitamin D in Cancer Prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 252–261. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2004.045260
- Wang, L. (2010). Systematic Review: Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation in Prevention of Cardiovascular Events. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152(5), 315. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00010
- Zittermann, A., Frisch, S., Berthold, H. K., Götting, C., Kuhn, J., Kleesiek, K., Stehle, P., Koertke, H., & Koerfer, R. (2009). Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), 1321–1327. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004
- Liu, E., Meigs, J. B., Pittas, A. G., McKeown, N. M., Economos, C. D., Booth, S. L., & Jacques, P. F. (2009). Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Is Associated with Markers of the Insulin Resistant Phenotype in Nondiabetic Adults ,. Journal of Nutrition, 139(2), 329–334. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.093831
- Ford, E. S., Zhao, G., Tsai, J. C., & Li, C. (2011). Associations Between Concentrations of Vitamin D and Concentrations of Insulin, Glucose, and HbA1c Among Adolescents in the United States. Diabetes Care, 34(3), 646–648. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1754
- Knekt, P., Laaksonen, M. A., Mattila, C., Härkänen, T., Marniemi, J., Heliövaara, M., Rissanen, H., Montonen, J., & Reunanen, A. (2008). Serum Vitamin D and Subsequent Occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes. Epidemiology, 19(5), 666–671. https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e318176b8ad
- Mitri, J., Dawson-Hughes, B., Hu, F. B., & Pittas, A. G. (2011). Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic β cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: the Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(2), 486–494. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.011684
- Choi, H., Kim, K. H., Lim, C., Rhee, S. Y., Hwang, Y., Kim, K. H., Kim, K. S., Rhee, Y., & Lim, S. K. (2011). Low Serum Vitamin D Is Associated with High Risk of Diabetes in Korean Adults. Journal of Nutrition, 141(8), 1524–1528. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.139121
- May, H. T., Bair, T. L., Lappe, D. L., Anderson, J. L., Horne, B. D., Carlquist, J. F., & Muhlestein, J. B. (2010). Association of vitamin D levels with incident depression among a general cardiovascular population. American Heart Journal, 159(6), 1037–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2010.03.017
- Högberg, G., Gustafsson, S. A., Hällström, T., Gustafsson, T. M., Klawitter, B., & Petersson, M. (2012). Depressed adolescents in a case-series were low in vitamin D and depression was ameliorated by vitamin D supplementation. Acta Paediatrica, 101(7), 779–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02655.x
- Pettersen, J. A. (2017). Does high dose vitamin D supplementation enhance cognition?: A randomized trial in healthy adults. Experimental Gerontology, 90, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.01.019
Vitamin K2-MK7
- Theuwissen, E., Cranenburg, E. C. M., Knapen, M. H. J., Magdeleyns, E. J., Teunissen, K. J., Schurgers, L. J., Smit, E. F., & Vermeer, C. (2012). Low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation improved extra-hepatic vitamin K status, but had no effect on thrombin generation in healthy subjects. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(9), 1652–1657. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511007185
- Dalmeijer, G., Van Der Schouw, Y. T., Magdeleyns, E. J., Ahmed, N., Vermeer, C., & Beulens, J. W. (2012). The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on circulating species of matrix Gla protein. Atherosclerosis, 225(2), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.019
- Brugè, F., Bacchetti, T., Principi, F., Littarru, G. P., & Tiano, L. (2011). Olive oil supplemented with menaquinone-7 significantly affects osteocalcin carboxylation. British Journal of Nutrition, 106(7), 1058–1062. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511001425
- Hu, L., Ji, J., Li, D., Meng, J., & Yu, B. (2021). The combined effect of vitamin K and calcium on bone mineral density in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-021-02728-4
- Dalmeijer, G., Van Der Schouw, Y. T., Magdeleyns, E. J., Ahmed, N., Vermeer, C., & Beulens, J. W. (2012b). The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on circulating species of matrix Gla protein. Atherosclerosis, 225(2), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.019
- Fang, Y., Hu, C., Tao, X., Wan, Y., & Tao, F. (2012). Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 30(1), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-011-0287-3
- Choi, H. J., Yu, J., Choi, H., An, J. H., Kim, S. H., Park, K. S., Jang, H. C., Kim, S. H., & Shin, C. S. (2011). Vitamin K2 Supplementation Improves Insulin Sensitivity via Osteocalcin Metabolism: A Placebo-Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care, 34(9), e147. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-0551
- Camacho-Barcia, L., García-Gavilán, J., Martínez-González, M. Á., Fernández-Aranda, F., Galié, S., Corella, D., Cuenca-Royo, A., Romaguera, D., Vioque, J., Alonso-Gómez, Á. M., Wärnberg, J., Martínez, J. A., Serra-Majem, L., Estruch, R., Bernal-Lopez, M. R., Lapetra, J., Pintó, X., Tur, J. A., Garcia-Rios, A., . . . Bulló, M. (2022). Vitamin K dietary intake is associated with cognitive function in an older adult Mediterranean population. Age And Ageing, 51(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab246
- Presse, N., Belleville, S., Gaudreau, P., Greenwood, C. E., Kergoat, M., Morais, J., Payette, H., Shatenstein, B., & Ferland, G. (2013). Vitamin K status and cognitive function in healthy older adults. Neurobiology of Aging, 34(12), 2777–2783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.031
- Schurgers, L. J., Teunissen, K. J., Hamulyák, K., Knapen, M. H. J., Vik, H., & Vermeer, C. (2007). Vitamin K–containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood, 109(8), 3279–3283. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-08-040709
- Sato, T., Schurgers, L. J., & Uenishi, K. (2012). Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women. Nutrition Journal, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-93
Boron
- Penland, J. G. (1994). Dietary boron, brain function, and cognitive performance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(suppl 7), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102s765
- Naghii, M. R., Mofid, M., Asgari, A. A., Azizi, F., & Daneshpour, M. S. (2011). Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 25(1), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001
- Newnham, R. E. (1994). Essentiality of boron for healthy bones and joints. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(suppl 7), 83–85. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102s783
- The role of boron in nutrition and metabolism. (1993, December 1). PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140253/
Recommended Dosages